The Glenn Chasse Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Glenn Chasse Hotel - Essay Example It also defines the obligations and rights of an employer towards an employee hence safeguarding rights and preventing violation of duties from both parties. Apart from the written contract there is also a formation of a psychological contract between the employer and the employee that represents their mutual beliefs and perceptions. It describes the promises and expectations of each of the parties during the time of recruitment. Feldhiem (1999)3 reflects these two strands by dividing the psychological contract into: Kate: She is the head house keeper and is quoted as "unfaunfamiliar with her new duties such as budgeting, training and discipline ". The smooth functioning of her department seems to be suffering due to this. She is not successful in appropriately training and guiding her staff as a consequence of which they are not familiar with her way of work. Harriet -Elspeth's assistant : Elspeth states that "good standards of casual staff are hard to find". If her statement is not influenced by personal bias, this is an indication that the recruitment process of the hotel is sub- standard and proper giudlines are not set for the employees. Harriet is not notified that it is not within her authoritative scope to "borrow" staff without notice. This prevents the smooth flow of hotel functions because crew( who again are not specific and sure of their job profiles) are not available at places where they are needed resulting in low turn over and uneven distribution of labor. Principle statements: The principle statement should be handed over to the employee within two months for job commencement. It essentially contains all the terms and conditions upon which the employment relationship has been formed which means all terms and conditions are agreeable to both employer and the employee. It plays a pivotal role in the regulation of human resources as well as sorting out legal issues which might arise in the course of the contract. The principle statement should clearly cite the employees exact job profile and all the tasks that come under his or her responsibility. It should also mention any extra tasks, which the employee is expected to do at times which might be paid/unpaid for. The salaries, incentives, deductions and addition allowances (where ever they are applicable) should be mentioned. The working hours and compensation for overtime should be specified along with number of paid holidays and sick leaves. The employee should be provided with all the rules, regulations and principles of the concerned organization to ensure discipline and also the terms and conditions for termination, grievance procedures and legal action. Specifying health and insurance coverage conditions is also important. Apart from the

Modern Methods Used In Sheet Metal Forming Mechanics Essay

Modern Methods Used In Sheet Metal Forming Mechanics Essay This report elaborates the recent advancements in the process of Sheet-Metal forming in automotive industry since this technique is considered as one of the most important issues in the current industry. Further more in this report brief description is explained on the most modern forming methods like Electro-magnetic forming, Super Plastic forming and Fine Blanking. Based on the understanding and analysis of each forming processes, the best one is suggested. II. Introduction: In the world of automotive industry a lot of metals have to be used to make the parts of an automobile. The metals found are of very rigid shapes and sizes and it cannot be directly used, to make the required sizes and shapes in the automotive industry the main metal working process used is the sheet-metal forming process. The sheet metal forming process is a process in which solid metals can be made into thin or flat pieces, and sheet-metal forming is one of the very fundamental methods in manufacturing. It can be defined as, a manufacturing process which fabricates by shaping or moulding a piece of metal into a sheet.Sheet-metal forming has a number of processes in the present world but a lot of modern processes are being preferred to the classical processes. Usually, fabrication of complicated sheet metal components requires a complex combination of various shaping processes and the final assembly involves welding, riveting and other binding methods. Henceforth a very much afforda ble solution for sheet metal forming is by applying efficient and modern processes like Electro-Magnetic forming, Super-plastic Forming, Fine blanking, Explosive forming, Hydro-forming, Electro-Hydraulic forming, etc.In this report the most modern processes of sheet metal forming are discussed and III. Main Body: 1. Electro-magnetic Forming: Electromagnetic Forming is one of the advanced methods of sheet-metal processes. It is basically called as EMF in short form. Electromagnetic forming has been in use for nearly three decades. The principle of this process is that it makes use of the electromagnetic forces to make a sheet or a part by using high speed velocity forming techniques. Electromagnetic forming works in a way, in which, a current is produced from a capacitor and it is made to pass through a coil to form a strong magnetic field around the coil. The coil is situated in the work piece, thus forming an induced eddy current around the coil the eddy current generates another magnetic field in the metal work piece (El-Azab et al. (2003)). The two magnetic fields have repulsive force with each other and cause a deformation to the work piece. This deformation is permanent due to the stress created on the work piece by the force and this is called as Electromagnetic Forming. So EMF makes the material to stretch at very high speeds. 1.1 Advantages of EMF: EMF has many advantages, they are listed below, It has very high property of repeatability because of the energy output which can be adjusted as many number of times. There is no such contact between any tools to the work piece due to the magnetic fields. EMF does not need any lubricant because there is no tool acting on the whole process and hence leaving no marks created by the tool on the work piece. EMF is basically called as a non-contact process thus it does not have any damage on the work piece. Due to no physical contact extra bits and pieces will not fall out and will thus have less cleaning to do with the sheet. By doing this process the work piece will get a good coating. There is very less time consumption in this process. There will be no friction or physical stress on the work piece as no mechanical forming methods is used. 1.2 Limitations: This process can only make thin sheets because only a less amount of pressure is applied by the coils. The work piece material will have a very short time to stretch as the whole EMF is process occurs in a very short time. 1.3 In Automotive Industry: Aluminium is the main material used to make parts for the automotive industry. There is a great demand for fuel-efficiency in present world and the weight of the automobile is another basic factor. The only possible ways of weight-reduction is by making a controlled design or by using lightweight materials. Aluminium is the best considered material as it satisfies the regarding properties, by using aluminium die-cast materials can be used to make highly complex materials form a single piece, thus it helps in attaching fewer parts more rigidly and hence a rigid body can be created by using Aluminium die-cast materials (Davies et al. (2004)). When taking aluminium in to consideration with its characteristics, increase in rigidity and passenger protection can be achieved without considering the lightness. 1.4 Uses of EMF in Automotive Industry: It is a non-contact process and no touching of the part is needed because the only effect affecting the part is the magnetic field and thus the automotive parts are made damage free. The ductility is very high. Anyone operating the machinery does not need any special training due to the process being noncontact. If there is a comparison between this method and another method, the main benefit for the EMF will be the repeatability. Due the method being a non-contact process and electrical, there is wear and tear of the part even though many numbers of parts is made which can look exactly the same to each other. 1.5 Limitation of EMF in Automotive Industry: This method being electrical, if the materials used have less electrical conductivity then there is no point in using this process. The aluminium part is slightly expensive and that can be one of the problems or the companies which use Electromagnetic forming. 2. Super Plastic Forming: This process is one of the modern processes used in the automotive industry. In short form it is called as SPF which means Superplastic Forming. It mainly involves the super plasticity which means the point at which the metal ruptures due to the strain produced in the process and in which the metal can stretched and made into thin sheets. Super plastic forming process is takes place at increased temperature, where the stress-flow of the sheet metal is less. At first the metal sheets which are supposed to be used is heated at the ends and then a gas pressure is implied when the whole apparatus is inside a simple shape or a complex shape to make a required shape (Davis and Hyrn (2007)). The process involves expanding of the materials but it cannot be applied for materials that do not have super plastic properties. Normally super plastic materials can elongate up to 10 times. Whereas titanium naturally posses super plastic properties and some aluminium alloys and a few stainless steel a lloys also be made to show superplastic properties. Aluminium alloys can expand about 1/4th during the forming process.It was first used widely in making parts for jets and aerospace regarded objects but as time grew automotive industry has used a lot of benefits from SPF. In general superplastic forming uses the sheet forming processes to mainly elongate the work piece by using very high temperatures and SPF can be used to materials which accept the properties of superplasticity. This process helps to make very complex geometry of parts. It is mainly used in making aircraft wings and automotive parts as the metal aluminium is used in which it are stretched by heat. The basic materials used in the SPF are the aluminium alloy which is quiet expensive. The process basically needs nearly 900 Â ° C regarding the alloy used, dueto this heatthe flow of the stress involved in the sheet material is low(Gallagher (2001)). The sheet material is placed on a SPF die in which a simple or complex geometry is present and then the tooling is given high heat and a gas pressure is implied which in turns deforms to the shape of the simple or complex cavity. There are many different types of properties of superplasticity with regards to microstructural mechanisms and deformation and the materials which undergo these types of superplasticity can be considered as a superplastic material; Micrograinsuperplasticity Transformation superplasticity Internal stress superplasticity The following processes can be used for forming superplastic sheet materials and they are: Blow forming and vacuum forming Thermo-forming Deep Drawing Superplastic forming with Diffusion Bonding a) Blow forming and vacuum forming basically has a die cavity in which the superplastic sheet are placed, the sheet is placed in between the cavity and a gas pressure is implied to the cavity, from which the superplastic sheet takes the shape of the die cavity. b) Thermo-forming is generally used for forming thermoplastics. In this type of forming there are two dies which in this case is male or female and they are moveable, this moveable die enables the sheet to stretch before a gas pressure is imposed on the sheet to make the required shape of the die cavity. c) Deep Drawing with heat can be imposed on superplastic materials. Firstly deep drawing depends on the hardening of strain to get the needed formability and to prevent damage while forming the material and thus has less advantage compared to Blow forming and thermo-forming. This is because superplastic materials can only harden strain to a limit. d)Superplastic forming (SPF) with the use of Diffusion bonding (DB) is a method which combines both qualities of SPF and DB, but DB is basically not a sheet metal process, since the temperatures used in the process of SPF and DB are similar they can be made use in unique fabricating methods for the materials. The aims of this combined process is to make a damage free forming process and to reduce the number of components and joints used in the processes. 2.2 Materials used: The most common materials used for superplastic forming are as follows: Titanium alloys Aluminium alloys Bismuth-tin alloys Zinc-aluminium alloys Stainless steel Aluminium-lithium alloys 2.3 Advantages of SPF: Less weight and which increases fuel efficiency Performance of the design is improved with the help by its structure Can make very complex parts which in turn has great formability Low cost tooling thus resulting in low cost of the parts Low noise and Does not affect environment 2.4 Limitations of SPF: Low strain rate The time consumption of the process in which it forms the part is one important limitations of the SPF. The whole processs cycle can vary, thus it is used on materials which has less volume. 3. Fine Blanking: Fine blanking is a process in which a type of metal stamping is used to make the flatness of metal and very precise sheared edges of a metal. It is one of the modern methods used in the automotive industry for sheet-metal forming. The process is mainly made use by the automotive industry because of the quality level and the size of the materials and tools used which in turn makes it cost effective. At firstfine blanking was first discovered in Switzerland to make small gears and levers for a watch and clock company and after that grew to be more versatile and feasible for it could be made use in the automotive industry. In this process there is no chance of fracturing of the metal while shearing, for example it can make a number of holes in a metal sheet with perfect shearing and no damage with regards to the size of the metal, thickness of the metal and how far the holes are spaced. The process can generally make very complex shapes in a quick span of time without having to do too m any procedures in the whole process. It is basically a bypass for processes like casting, forging and fabrication in manufacturing. The process is a combination of stamping, punching and an extrusion process. Fine blanking is less expensive than processes like forging or casting but fine blanking although being a very versatile sheet-metal forming process it cannot make 3-d shapes of any use, but some innovative thinking and designing can be put forth to make such products which can economically benefit fine blanking. 3.1 Working of Fine Blanking: Fine blanking generally uses the materials like aluminium, copper, brass, carbon and stainless steel alloys. Fine blanking is a way of metal pressing processes but it has got extra parts to make it unique. It includes two dies (male and female), a guide plate and a V-ring which is also called as a stinger. The male die is the hardening punch which punches the material, whereas the female die is the hardening blanking die. The stinger basically is a sharp edge that surrounds the area of the material that has to be punched. Now, there will be a pressure applied to the punching die so that it cuts the metal and it pushes the cut metal into the empty die. The guide plate helps to hold the material into place firmly so that there is no movement of the material while the pressure is applied, thus the whole process acts like an extrusion rather than a traditional punching process (Hedrick (2006)). Due to the guide plate holding the material so tightly, the materials flatness in perfect, the re is no distortion or damage and there is a very minimum amount of edge burr. Burr is actually called as rough edge of a metal after a cutting, drilling or a punching process. After the punching is done while the material is held tightly by the guide plate, the slug and minute particles are pushed away to keep it clean for the net material to start the process. With a very good fine blanking process one can make many parts in a short period of time and with only one operation. The parts manufactured can be pierced fully like a hole, or partially pierced, embossed and also coined. Many gears, levers and materials have been made by the use of fine blanking. To make a fine blanking process function exclusively to manufacture a quality product, the following points should be required: Fine Blanking Press Fine Blanking Tool Ductile Material 3.2 Advantages: Fine blanking process has got many advantages and they are: By doing fine blanking we can get tremendous flatness of material that is merely never possible to acquire by any other cutting processes, thus it does not have to undergo any other flattening processes after the basic operation of fine blanking. Fine blanking can be used to make small holes in very thick and heavy metals and it can be used on many different metals. It can be used in embossing of metals or can be made use in coining and piercing. The process has got very good accuracy in making materials with precision, control and has good repeatability in production wise. Fine blanking helps to make the edges perfectly sheared,very straight and have no breakage of edges compared to other metal cutting processes. There is very high tolerance level in the tools of fine blanking when making holes and other parts which gives very good quality to the material. Many features can be put in while fine blanking in to just one operation other than having any secondary or tertiary operations. 3.3 Limitations: Fine blanking although being a very versatile and feasible process, it has got a few limitations and they are listed below: Fine blanking can cause damage to the tools used because of the small clearance level of the whole process thus the tools are generally coated with few materials to prevent the wear and tear. In general the stinger or the V-ring consumes a lot of space therefore a lot of material is needed to be used to make a small part. In fine blanking, after the material has been cut out, burring is present in large amounts, so, often there is a need for deburring. Fine blanking process is a slow process which consumes a lot of time to make parts in comparison with the other similar processes. The equipment used is slightly expensive than more conventional punching methods. Since it is a little expensive many companies who want to use fine blanking give a lot of consideration before investing in the tools IV. Conclusion: After doing research on the modern processes used in sheet-metal forming in the automotive industry for manufacturing the latest technology which is involved in this method are Electro-magnetic forming, Superplastic Forming and Fine blanking process. These processes were more efficient and cost effective while compared to traditional processes like bending, stamping, shearing and drawing, but these processes might not be the ultimate result with regards to sheet-metal process. From the three processes discussed above the most favourable process which can be recommended in the automotive industry is Superplastic forming process. The key advantages of Superplastic forming are design structure of the material used, formability of parts, fuel efficiency and low cost in tooling in comparison with the other two processes is much better. Hopefully in the future, there may be more processes which are more efficient for the production in sheet-metal processes in the automotive industry. V. References: A. El-Azab, M. Garnich, A. Kapoor, Modeling of the electromagnetic forming of sheet metals: state-of-the-art and future needs, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 142, pp. 744-754, 2003 Accudyne Engineering Equipment Company: super plastic forming. Available at: http://www.accudyneeng.com/spf.htm [Accessed 12th January 2010] Gallagher, Helen (2001): thefabricator.com. Available at: http://www.thefabricator.com/presstechnology/PressTechnology_Article.cfm?ID=115 [Accessed 12th January 2010]. Harig Manufacturing Corporation: fine blanking Available at: http://www.harigmfg.com/fineblanking.html [Accessed 12th January 2010]. Hedrick, Art (2006): thefabricator.com. Available at: http://www.thefabricator.com/PressTechnology/PressTechnology_Article.cfm?ID=1402 [Accessed 12th January 2010]. R.W.Davies, S. Golovashchenko, J.A. Carpenter, Electromagnetic Forming of Aluminum Sheet, Automotive Lightweighting Materials Fiscal Year 2004 Report, pp. 31-38, 2010

All People are Equal Within the World of Work Essay -- Papers

All People are Equal Within the World of Work I do not agree with the statement at all, allthough in a right normal world of work, it should be true. Many people often judge people by thier appearence, or past experience. It could be anything, discriminating someone is easilly done. And its often simple things like hair styles or piercings, disability or gender than can stop you from working where you want to. With nearly all jobs these days; you'll have to fill out an application form, which can be a nightmare to many people. But no just for things like trying to remember their old school grades or when they left school, its often because they have something they feel will jeapordise thier employment chances. Criminal records is a good one. In companies or bussiness' these days, they will ask if you have a spent or unspent conviction. Spent means that its been a certain while since your conviction, unspent being the opposite. Some places feel that if you havent 'spent' your conviction, (meaning you havent 'changed'...

Natural Environment and Early Human Development Essay

In order to support the idea of nurture influences on early human development, psychologists have done some researches on several factors of early human development. One of these factors is motor development. All children go through the same stages which begin with rolling over and end by walking. However, it seems that motor behaviours can be improved by practice or encouragement. This belief is supported by Zelazo and Kolb (1972) who did an experiment where infants, who were given stepping practice during the first two months, began walking five to seven weeks earlier than babies who had no practice. Such a result can be considered as an environmental influence. Another factor, which has been researched, is speech development. Speech can be improved by more talking with babies or rewarding them for making speech sounds. Kagan (1979) claimed that children, who were reared in middle-class American homes, begin to speak one year earlier than children reared in some villages such as San Marcos due to the fact that these children, culturally, have little â€Å"verbal interaction† with adults. This research assures the importance of the environments, nurture, in early human development. In conclusion, psychologists and scientist have been arguing as to whether nature or nurture has more influence on early human development. As a result both heredity or the nature and environment or nurture are important factors in shaping human personality, but environment is the more important one. Because nature only goes so far whereas further growth and development is formed by the environment’s influence on early human development.

Nonwestern Literature Essay

Modern literature does not show the extent to which literature has come. Medieval forms of literature reflected an unprecedented level of purity and originality. A study of the similarities and dissimilarities between cultures reveals the exchange of ideology that occurred many centuries ago. This gives weight to the assertion that modern forms of literature from different regions of the world once shared certain characteristics. It should not get assumed that the different forms of literature arose from the same inspiration. Rather, the varying types of literature occurred separately. However, due to improvements in technology and communication, forms of literature have become similar over time. An in-depth look at Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese literatures highlights this clearly. China and India, as countries from the East, have a winding, rich, and spectacular literary tradition. The exchange of literary accomplishments between the two nations has never ceased even until modern times. The primary groundwork for such an exchange became established through the introduction of Buddhism into China. As a result of this introduction, Indian literature began imparting nourishment to its Chinese counterpart. Thus, Chinese literature adopted plenty of influences from Indian literature. Resulting effects on Chinese literature have manifested themselves in aspects of aesthetic tendency, form, subject, rhetoric and vocabulary. In ancient times, Buddhism served as the key medium for Chinese-Indian literary exchanges. Chinese literature has become more and more influenced by Indian literature in recent times due to the assimilation of Buddhist influences. Nevertheless, the extent and nature of the literary exchange between India and China has become two-sided and complementary in recent times. There exist similarities and differences between Chinese and Indian literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the form of literature gets classified as primarily oral. In both Chinese and Indian literatures, extensive written forms of literature appeared in later periods compared to the emergence of oral forms of literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the emergence of written forms of literature arose due to the spread of literacy programs pioneered by the ruling authorities in both countries. Also, both Indian and Chinese literatures have different forms of literature contributing to the overall state of literature in the respective countries. Moreover, both Indian and Chinese literatures have experienced changes due to modern influences from the western world. On the other hand, a few differences arise between Chinese and Indian literature. Chinese literature has always gotten expression through only one language. This has remained true for the over 3000 years which the Chinese civilization has existed. On the contrary, Indian literature has experienced segmentation due to the presence of numerous languages within India. The Indian culture has officially recognized 22 languages and among these languages, 21 of them have establishes their own unique forms of literature. Indian literature has gotten influence from the various traditions that have governed over the country. Throughout its history, various family traditions have dictated the nature of ownership over the country. In turn, the varying styles of ownership have had an unmistakable effect on the types of literature. Thus, different ownership periods as demarcated by family traditions have different kinds of literature. Conversely, various dynasties throughout the whole period of its sovereign existence have ruled China. This has led to the classification of types of literature based on the particular dynasty that ruled the country at the time of the emergence of the literature. These dynasties include Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. During the existence of all these dynasties, various forms of literature have arisen. For instance, early woodblock and poetry became embraced during the Tang dynasty while novels gained prominence during the Ming dynasty. Chinese and Egyptian literatures share many points of reference. Both forms of literature began experiencing formative influences before the Common Era. Egyptian literature has its roots in ancient Egyptian culture. Along with Sumerian literature, ancient Egyptian literature gets classified as the one of the earliest forms of literature. In both forms of literature, the ownership periods played a key role towards the definition and classification of different types of literature. Both Chinese and Egyptian forms of literature have pioneered forms of writing, which had not existed earlier. Egyptian literature gave rise to hieroglyphics. Also, the writing of blurbs began in the 14th century Egyptian times. The writing of blurbs thus emerged as a key component of literary writing in the contemporary world. Both forms of literature have allowed the influence of different forms of literature from other countries. Egyptian literature became molded by the influx of foreign poets who flocked the town of Alexandria. These poets originated from Greece and Rome. They immigrated to Alexandria so as to utilize the library facility in the town. As a result of their extended stay in Egypt, the poets began expressing their literature in Arabic language. Inevitably, the existing literature within Egypt became fused with the literature brought by the European poets. The infiltration and influence of Indian Buddhism has played a prominent role in the shaping the Chinese literature toward adopting Indian connotations. Meditation has become a key component of Chinese literature unlike previous times. This lays testament to the fact that Indian Buddhism has left an indelible mark on Chinese literature. In Chinese literature, the initial form of literature consisted primarily of oral forms. Written forms of literature appeared during later periods of civilization. This stands in stark contrast to Egyptian literature, which has the autobiography as its oldest form. Egyptian literature got expressed in papyrus reeds. These provided the writing material on which ancient Egyptian writers would record their literary works. Also, Egypt invented calligraphy, which emerged as a key means of writing during that era. Chinese literature has received influence primarily stemming from the ruling influences within the country. The dynasties that have exercised governorship over the country have molded the types of literature within China. In contrast, Egyptian literature has experienced influences stemming from external sources. The conquering of Egypt by Muslim Arabs had a major impact on the literature in Egypt. Libraries became established and literature thrived. Papyrus reeds became replaced by cloth paper as writing surfaces. Another difference between Egyptian and Chinese literature appears when it comes to the overriding motive behind the change in literature. In Chinese literature, the changes undertaken in literature have occurred involuntarily and with the noble aim of improving the Chinese culture. On the other hand, changes in Egyptian literature have become implemented for the sole purpose of embracing Islam. The majority of Egyptian literature back in medieval times consisted of wisdom literature. This shows that the wider number of Egyptian literary works got written mainly for instruction and guidance. Such instruction recognizes the social format of life that exists in Egypt. Family values take the first place in Egypt. As a result, the forms of literature within the country give precedence to the values honored by families. However, the majority of forms of literature written in China became formulated for the purpose of entertainment. This arises due to the communal nature of the Chinese culture. Hence, the forms of literature become designed in such a way as to amuse and thereby engender a sense of togetherness within the community. ?Egyptian and Indian literatures have stunning similarities and glaring differences. The bulk of both Egyptian and Indian literatures bears literature intended for instruction. Both Egyptian and Indian cultures recognize the supremacy of family values. Thus, the literature of both countries became formulated with the intention of providing the families with instructive information regarding family life. Indian folklore and Egyptian folklore combined as key elements towards the formation of storytelling formats. Both Indian and Egyptian literatures have become molded for the purpose of accommodating religious beliefs. Literature in Egypt has evolved with the passage of time as it becomes more permissible to the Islamic faith and body of beliefs. Since Islam has gained wide acclaim as the state religion, the form of literature within Egypt has sought to reflect this truth in its form. This has endeavored to avoid hurting the religiously-trained consciences of Egyptians. In India, religion has had a major impact towards the changes that have occurred in Indian literature. India plays host to majority of the world’s most populous forms of faith. Buddhism alone has had an understated effect on the form of Indian literature. The prevalence of meditation techniques within Egyptian literature gives evidence of the extent of Buddhist influence.? However, a few differences exist between Indian and Egyptian literatures. Egyptian literature had its beginnings much earlier than Indian literature. This necessarily makes Egyptian literature richer than Indian literature. The superior quality of Egyptian literature becomes apparent through a sober consideration of the genres that have gotten invented due to Egyptian literature. Indian literature has become classified in terms of tradition due to the ideologies that have governed the country. In the contrary, Egyptian literature has always manifested their Islamic inclinations. Also, Egyptian literature received notable influence from European poets while India has risen to become the source of poetic influence to other countries like China. The history of Egyptian literature had its beginnings in ancient Egypt. The River Nile had a massive influence on the development of Egyptian literature. The town of Alexandria served as a major confluence for the emergence of literary influences. This happened because of the presence of the Library of Alexandria. This library served as hubs for poets originating from Greece and Rome, which served as key world powers in that time. The influence of these foreign poets had an unprecedented effect on Egyptian literature. Beginning from the period of the tyrannical Pharaohs until the conclusion of the Roman Empire’s rulership, ancient Egyptian literature got expresses in Egyptian language. Ancient Egyptian literature gains recognition as the world’s earliest form of literature along with other genres like Sumerian literature.? However, forms of writing in ancient Egypt did not surface until the late periods of the 4th century. This included both hieratic and hieroglyphic forms of writing. At some time before the modern era, the available literary works included epistles and letters, texts, hymns and poems, and memorials. These biographical texts got penned so as to document the professional lives of noteworthy administrative marshals. These developments notwithstanding, narrative forms of Egyptian literature became created in late periods of the 17th century BC. The formation of narrative forms sparked a media revolution in the whole of Egypt. Such a revolution occurred due to various factors. The unprecedented rise in literacy levels played a primary role for the revolution. Other factors included widespread access to written literature, rise of an intellectual class of scribes, new cultural sensibilities about individuality, unprecedented levels of literacy, and mainstream access to written materials.? The history and tradition of Indian literature primarily features verse though it also seems fundamentally oral. The earliest works became composed for the purpose of getting sung or recited. In this raw form, they became transmitted throughout a number of generations before getting written down as permanent recordings. As a result of this belated recording, the earliest records of a text appear later by several millenniums than the stated date of its initial composition. Furthermore, probably because the majority of Indian literature appears as either religious or as a reworking of common stories from the Sanskrit tales, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the mythological writings, the authors often maintain their anonymity. Biographical components and details of the lives of the majority of the earlier Indian authors appear only in much later myths and legends. In medieval Indian literature, the earliest works in many of the languages were sectarian, designed to advance or to celebrate some unorthodox regional. Much traditional Indian literature is derived in theme and form not only from Sanskrit literature but from the Buddhist and Jain texts written in the Pali language and the other Prakrits (medieval dialects of Sanskrit). This applies to literature in the Dravidian languages of the south as well as to literature in the Indo-Iranian languages of the north. Invasions of Persians and Turks, beginning in the 14th century, resulted in the influence of Persian and Islamic culture in Urdu, although important Islamic strands can be found in other literatures as well, especially those written in Bengali, Gujarati, and Kashmiri. After 1817, entirely new literary values were essay, and literary drama (this last incorporating both classical Sanskrit and Western models)—that gradually engulfed the customary Indian verse genres. Urdu poets remained faithful to the old forms while Bengalis were imitating such English poets as Percy Bysshe Shelley or T. S. Eliot.? The history of ? Chinese literature extends for thousands of years. This started from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature fictional novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty. These mature fictional novels became penned for the sake of entertaining the masses of literate Chinese citizens. To various Westerners, Chinese literature remains hugely unexplored in comparison to the rich state of the Chinese culture. As a matter of fact, it is a treasure of a very considerable number of brilliant and profound works as each dynasty, in the long history of China, has passed down its legacy of magnificent events and works. For 3500 years, they have woven a variety of genres and forms encompassing poetry, essays, fiction and drama; each in its own way reflecting the social climate of its day through the high spirit of art. Chinese literature has its own values and tastes, its own reigning cultural tradition and its own critical system of theory. Chronologically, it can be divided into four main periods: classical, modern, contemporary, and the present-age literature. Classical literature refers to the earliest period and covers works from three thousand years ago to the late Qing Dynasty and is a virtually unbroken strand enduring dynastic changes. Since it was nearly always developed under the reign of centralized and unified government, it is imbued with the thoughts of a culture that embraced slavery and a feudal society. It was steeped in an enclosed environment that hardly had any real links with religion or least of all the literature of foreign cultures. ? Modern Literature refers to the period from the Opium War in 1840 to the May Fourth Movement in 1919. As the decadent reign of the Qing failed to inspire the minds of people, the literary forms had remained unchanged; till the Opium War in 1840. Then they absorbed the impact of western thoughts as foreigners poured in China and established their colonies. Novels, poetry and other works began to appear with a theme of patriotism and a revelation of social ills. Contemporary literature spanned the period from 1919 to the foundation of modern in 1949 and took on a new vigor, despite the fact that Chinese was in the throes of checkered and complicated times. This period was distinctive as it brought into being a new and revised literary language, form, content and skills allowing it to evolve into an independent and open art available to the whole of society. It attached great attention to people’s lives and a future with strong political tendencies. Influenced by the tide of the world literature, it provided wide and amiable communication between writers and readers. Present-Age literature has evolved since the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949. During this time, there was a logjam as a consequence of the Cultural Revolution that lasted for nearly 10 years. That era is now long past and we now have a favorable turn on events and a great number of responsible writers deepen the literary forms and content. Nowadays literature prospers. As the Chinese nation is a racial mix of Han people together with 55 other ethnic groups, literature reflects this. The various ethnic groups have contributed greatly in this field.? China stands as the only country worldwide with a mono-language literature for over 3,000 years. This continuity comes from the nature of the written language itself. It is the use of characters, not letters as in Western languages, that is, most important in the Chinese language. The characters stand for things or ideas and so, unlike groups of letters, they cannot and need never get sounded. Thus Chinese could be read by people in all parts of the country in spite of gradual changes in pronunciation, the emergence of regional and local dialects, and modification of the characters. A revolution held in China marked the dynasties whereby a clan ruled over an empire. Inevitably, the significant change of Chinese society that occurred with the change of government invariably led to an alteration of literature. Thus, Chinese literature gradually became westernized and Classical language got absolved from utilization. The national government desired for women to enjoy equal privileges like men. This clamor for an equal status in society resulted in plenty of women writers and scholars. As a result, the amount of politically oriented literature doubled. Academicians got unrestrained access to literature from foreign countries while plenty of students received scholarships so as to study abroad. The New Culture Movement became disbanded and writers endeavored to blaze the trail in transforming China into a modern industrialized nation. Writers also intended to replace Confucian life-style with a modern, westernized one. Under the leadership of the national government, there existed some freedom of expression. During that period of relative freedom, lots of different views and styles of literature became widely popular. But at the moment China came under attack from Japan, the resulting Communist victory led to the curtailing of former freedoms. For instance, only literature that met the approval of the government became allowed. Egyptian literature has also experienced plenty of changes due to interaction with western cultures. The expansion of the international market has necessitated the presence of many foreigners within Egyptian soil. As a result of such mingling, Egyptian literature has become influenced by western attitudes and notions. India has become a key player in the Commonwealth of Nations movement. Inevitably, it has become the focal point for conducting business within Asia. Thus, Indian literature has adopted other cultures. Buddhism has also become part and parcel of the literature of many other countries. This highlights the exchange that has undoubtedly occurred between Indian literature and other forms of literature. REFEREENCES Allen, James P. (2000), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.? Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: University of Texas Press.? K, Kripalani (1970). Modern Indian Literature.? Knight, Sabina (2012). Chinese Literature : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series.? Levy, Andre (2000). Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.? Lichtheim, Miriam (2006), Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom, with a new foreword by Hans-W. Fischer-Elfert, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.? M. , Winternitz. (1973) . A History of Indian Literature.? Mair, Victor H. (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.? T. , W. , Clark. (1970). The Novel in India.? Quirke, S. (2004), Egyptian Literature 1800 BC, questions and readings, London: Golden House Publications.

New SAT vs ACT Comparison Charts

New SAT vs ACT Comparison Charts SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT and the ACT are both recentlyunderwentupdates: the ACT got a new writing test and some minor content tweaks,whilethe SAT was fully redesigned. With all this change, it can be difficult to keep track of everything. I've created some simple charts that outline the basic differences in structure and content forthe new SAT vs the ACT. This post isn't comprehensive, however, so for a more in depth discussion of the differences between the updatedversions of the two tests, you should take a look at our full breakdown here. Image: Zach Stern/Flickr General Test Structure As you'll see in the chart below, the redesigned SAT isradically streamlined- there are now only four sections and the scoring has returned to the original 400-1600 (instead of the 600-2400 scale used from 2005-2015). The wrong answer penalty has also beeneliminated. The ACT format, meanwhile, is essentiallythe same. The essay is slightly longer, however. New SAT ACT Total Time 3 hrs (plus 50 min for essay) 2 hrs 55 min (plus 40 min for essay) Number of sections 4 plus essay 4 plus essay Sections Reading: 65 min Writing and Language: 35 min Math (No calculator): 25 min Math (with calculator): 55 min Optional essay: 50 min English: 45 min Math: 60 min Reading: 35 min Science: 35 min Optional essay: 40 min Scoring Two section scores, Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (includes Reading and Writing and Language) and Math, on a 200-800 scale combined for a total score from 400-1600 Four section scores scaled from 1-36 averaged for a composite from 1-36 Wrong answer penalty? No No Reading Since the new SAT includes only long passages and the ACT recently added paired passages, the two tests' reading sections have become much more similar. Nonetheless, there are still some major differences in the types of questions they ask: the evidence questions on the redesigned SAT are especially different from ACT readingquestions. New SAT ACT Time 65 min 35 min Format 4 single passages and 1 pair, 10-11 questions each 4 passages, potentially including 1 paired passage, 10 questions each # of questions 5 passages, 52 questions 4 passages, 40 questions Time per passage/question 13 min/75 sec 8 min, 45 sec/53 sec Passage types 1 U.S. or World Literature, 2 History or Social Studies, 2 Science 1 Prose Fiction or Literary Narrative, 1 Social Sciences, 1 Humanities, 1 Natural Sciences Question types Main Idea, Vocab-in-Context, Inference, Evidence Support, Data Reasoning, Technique, Detail-Oriented Main Idea, Vocab-in-Context, Inference, Detail-Oriented Key skills Reading comprehension, inferring ideas, identifying evidence Reading comprehension, inferring ideas, locating details SAT Writing and Language/ACT English SAT Writing and Language (formerly SAT writing) is the other SAT section that the redesign made markedly more similar to itsACT equivalent. The College Board ditched Identifying Sentence Errors and the rest of its unique question styles for an ACT-style passage structure. However, the new SAT writing section still doesn't include the big-picture organization and main idea questionsthat the ACT English section does. New SAT ACT Time 35 min 45 min Format 4 passages, 11 questions each 5 passages, 15 questions each Total # of questions 44 questions 75 questions Time per passage/question 8 min, 45 sec/48 sec 9 min/36 sec Content Standard English Conventions: 20 questions (45%), covering sentence structure, conventions of usage, and conventions of punctuation Expression of Ideas: 24 questions (55%), covering development, organization and effective language use Usage and Mechanics: sentence structure (20-25%), grammar and usage (15-20%), and punctuation (10-15%) Rhetorical Skills: style (15-20%), strategy (15-20%), and organization (10-15%) Key Skills Understanding grammar rules, expressing ideas clearly, connecting sentences logically Understanding grammar rules, connecting sentences logically, recognizing overall structure and argument Math The redesigned SAT math section focuses on a limited set of topics, primarily algebra. The diminished presence of geometry sets the new SAT math section apart from the one on the ACT, which is still roughly a third geometry and trigonometry questions. Redesigned SAT math also includesa no-calculator section, a significant number of data analysis problems, and simpler wording for questions. New SAT ACT Time 80 min 60 min Format Divided in to two sections No calculator: 20 questions (4 grid-ins), 25 min With calculator: 38 questions (9 grid-ins), 55 min 1 section, all questions multiple choice Total # of questions 58 questions 60 questions Time per question No calculator: 75 sec With calculator: 87 sec 1 min Content Heart of Algebra - 33% Problem Solving and Data Analysis - 28% Passport to Advanced Math - 29% Additional Topics in Math - 10% Pre-algebra - 20-25% Elementary algebra - 15-20% Intermediate algebra - 15-20% Coordinate geometry - 15-20% Plane geometry - 20-25% Trigonometry - 5-10% Key Skills Doing simple calculations without a calculator, translating word problems, analyzing data Memorizing formulas, translating word problems, working quickly without making errors Science The redesigned SAT still doesn't have a separate science section, but it does include science questions in all three of the other sections. Those questions are primarily focused on reading charts and graphs, while ACT science tests a wider range of skills. New SAT ACT Time N/A 35 min Format No specific section, 2 passages in reading (21 questions), 1 passage in Writing (6 questions), and 8 questions in Math ~7 passages, with 5-7 questions each Total # of questions 35 questions 40 questions Time per passage/question Varies by section 5 min/53 sec Content Varies by section Data Representation - 30-40% Research Summaries - 45-55% Conflicting Viewpoints - 15-20% Key Skills Understanding scientific ideas, reading charts and graphs Doing simple calculations without a calculator, reading charts and graphs, analyzing experimental design SAT Essay/ACT Writing The ACT writing section (the essay) is the one part of thetestthat'sundergone major changes. You're still presented with an issue and asked for your opinion on it, but you're also given three perspectiveson the topics and asked to analyze them. The new SAT essay, on the other hand, ismore similar to the type of papers you write in English class: the prompt asks you to read and analyze a persuasive essay. New SAT ACT Time 50 min 40 min Optional? Yes Yes Format Presented with an essay or article and asked to analyze the author's argument Presented with 3 viewpoints on a topic and asked to analyze those ideas as well as argue for your own perspective Grading Critera Writing, Reading, and Analysis Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, and Language Use and Conventions Scoring Given a score from 2-8 for each dimension Score from 1-12, based on average of scores from the four domains What's Next? If you still have questions about the redesigned SAT, check out our fullbreakdown of the changes to the test. Still not sure whether to takethe SAT or the ACT?Check out our quiz! And if you are planning to take the new SAT, don't panic! Take a look at these five reasons the changes aren't as big of a deal as you might think and get an early start on preparingwith our preliminary study guide. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The eNotes Blog eNotes Book Club Novemberâ€December Finds

Book Club November–December Finds In this installment of our book club, we looked for thoughtful, dark reads fitting for a foggy November and December. Cozy up with a cup of tea with us and read on. â€Å"Rough Deeds† by Annie Proulx Id recently read The Shipping News and wanted to start the next round of our book club with something â€Å"November-y.† You know, lots of nature, maybe some adventure, and a little dark. Lo and behold, I found a short story by Annie Proulx called â€Å"Rough Deeds† published in The New Yorker. Released in anticipation of her novel Barkskins, a 700+ page bear which I have but am intimidated to read, â€Å"Rough Deeds† is an account of historical fiction, following the life of Duquet, a man of French origin living in North America during the 18th century. â€Å"In New France, which people more and more called Canada, for the old Iroquois word kanata, Duquet was everywhere- examining, prying, measuring, observing, and calculating.† We all acknowledged that Duquet is cunning, ruthless, and prideful. We also agreed that hes a terrible person. For some, this was enough to make the story unenjoyable at first, but further discussion around Proulxs language brought them around. We found the story gripping, its language evocative, and were compelled to follow Duquets years-long journey from rough-cut entrepreneur to wealthy businessman. So, why should you read a story about an ambitious, morally suspect, 18th-century man? Well, for one, its a brilliant look at life in the 18th century. For another, Proulxs language illustrates a master at work: â€Å"During the early evening, the mildness went out of the weather. The sky filled with clouds the color of dark grapes, torn by flailing stems of lightning. An hour of rain moved along, and behind it the temperature dived into winter. Duquet woke at dawn, shivering. There was not a breath of wind, but every twig and branch bristled with spiky hoarfrost. In the distance, wolves howled messages to one another, their cries filleting the morning.† - Wes â€Å"The Buddhist† by Alan Rossi This time around, I chose the short story â€Å"The Buddhist† by Alan Rossi. I found the story and writing style interesting- the prose is fairly simple, but what interested me the most was investigating the details that make up the Buddhist’s past and help explain the self-deprecating behavior he portrays throughout the story. Reading the story introduces questions like, â€Å"What does it mean to be human?† and, â€Å"When does something helpful become something harmful?† The protagonist is seen mentoring a woman and telling her about his own introduction to Buddhism. I’m sure he meant for his story to come across as inspiring, but†¦ Well, read for yourself: â€Å"Why wasn’t I interested in climbing or kayaking anymore; why didn’t I care about playing any of the instruments I used to play? I didn’t joke the way I used to; I didn’t drink, didn’t do drugs or even seem to enjoy eating- everyone was basically saying the same thing.† Reading â€Å"The Buddhist† was like watching a trainwreck. Readers will wait helplessly as the Buddhist further isolates himself from other people and the things that once brought him joy. He justifies these actions to himself and his mentee through an unfortunate string of circular logic that follows him throughout the story. We can only read between the lines and hope that the Buddhist begins to change his perspective after the story ends. â€Å"I tried to show her that her feelings contained no reality, they were impermanent, based on the belief of a false self.† - Kate â€Å"St. Lucy’s Home For Girls Raised By Wolves† by Karen Russell As we rounded out 2018 and looked to our future book clubs, we decided that come the new year our discussions would be guided by predetermined themes. So for our last theme-less club- aside from us trying to identify â€Å"November mood† which is a smidge tougher than October, as you can imagine (Halloween provides much more short-story fodder than, say, public-domain texts about turkey or stuffing)- I decided to simply pick another Karen Russell piece. Last time around I had us read â€Å"Bog Girl† which we all seemed to thoroughly enjoy. I figured that, well, wolves eat a lot of birds (check!) and there’s definitely maybe fog rolling around a facility named St. Lucy’s (double check!). â€Å"A low granite wall surrounded St. Lucy’s, the blue woods humming for miles behind it. There was a stone fountain full of delectable birds. There was a statue of St. Lucy. Her marble skin was colder than our mother’s nose, her pupil-less eyes rolled heavenward. Doomed squirrels gamboled around her stony toes. Our diminished pack threw back our heads in a celebratory howl- an exultant and terrible noise, even without a chorus of wolf brothers in the background.† As we dived into the story, no one seemed to mind the exceptionally loose interpretation of â€Å"foggy-November piece† nor a ham-fisted Russell doubleheader. We had another satisfying discussion, as lycanthropic lineage ponderings replaced the bog’s borderline-necrophilic coming-of-age arguments. â€Å"And there was Mirabella, shucking her plaid jumper in full view of the visiting cardinal. Mirabella, battling a raccoon under the dinner table while the rest of us took dainty bites of peas and borscht. Mirabella, doing belly flops into compost.† The nuns of St. Lucy’s are tasked with transforming young wolves, with names like Hwraa! and Gwarr!, into well-to-do, civilized young ladies, with names like Jeanette and Claudette. This piece is cleverly written and full of charm (a â€Å"proper fairy tale† as Caitlin put it) as well as, personally, quite heartbreaking. As the only one whose formative years consisted of being stuffed into Catholic school- where tartan skirts battled the crisp Collared Shirts of Untucked Sovereignty to the north as they tickled forever-fresh knee scrapes to the south- I think I took to this piece a little more than the rest of the group. My untamed calf hair itches under the ghosts of stocking past just thinking about it. â€Å"The sisters swept our hair back into high, bouffant hairstyles. This made us look more girlish and less inclined to eat people, the way that squirrels are saved from looking like rodents by their poofy tails. I was wearing a white organdy dress with orange polka dots. Jeanette was wearing a mauve organdy dress with blue polka dots. Linette was wearing a red organdy dress with white polka dots. Mirabella was in a dark corner, wearing a muzzle.† A great story for your next book club; a most excellent story if your book club consists of a wild pack of werewolves. - Sam â€Å"I’ll Be Waiting† by Raymond Chandler There’d been a joke after finishing â€Å"The Buddhist† that November’s theme was â€Å"unlikeable protagonists.† My selection was easy- I love Chandler, but I’ve found few of his characters â€Å"likeable.† Besides, one doesn’t get much darker than noir. â€Å"I’ll Be Waiting† takes place in a hotel with filled with â€Å"shadowy loungers† and â€Å"memories like cobwebs.† It is fair to say that little happens in the story: the â€Å"house dick† meets a woman, meets the man who’s come looking for her, and convinces the man to leave. A lack of narrative motion and a sense of emotional detachment- the characters have no interiority, so that feeling must be gleaned from appearance and action- made it hard for some of us to invest in the story. But the language eventually drew us all in. â€Å"I’ll Be Waiting† was published in 1939, before the literary tropes associated with pulp and noir became so ubiquitous as to border on self-parody. There is no self-consciousness displayed in passages such as â€Å"I was married to him once. I might be married to him again. You can make a lot of mistakes in just one lifetime.† and â€Å"He held a gun. He held it as though he knew about guns.† While sentences like these filled me with a low-level glee, others were drawn in by the strong stylism of Chandler’s language. Water imagery appears throughout, seen first in protagonist Tony Reseck’s â€Å"quiet, sea-gray eyes† which later become â€Å"as simple as forest water.† Repetition of descriptions and frequent anaphora create a strong sense of rhythm. Descriptive sentences are both lush and taciturn, avoiding commas and conjunctions when a period could do. Adjectives rarely deploy without a partner. I won’t spoil our thematic discoveries for you, because it’s well worth diving into this story with a group of your own. Beneath the tropish trappings, something truly strange and intricate lurks. - Caitlin Three Poems by Wallace Stevens For our second round of readings, I chose a trio of poems by American poet Wallace Stevens. The three poems we discussed are â€Å"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird† (1923), â€Å"The Idea of Order at Key West† (1934), and â€Å"Of Mere Being† (1955). The three poems differ in significant ways but all exemplify Stevens’s taste for plump, surprising phrases and his penchant for producing perplexion in his readers’ minds. â€Å"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird† contains a series of thirteen brief, oblique vignettes, each of which is pierced by the enigmatic blackbird: â€Å"It was evening all afternoon. / It was snowing / And it was going to snow. / The blackbird sat / In the cedar-limbs.† This is Stevens at his concisest and- dare I say?- his cheekiest. â€Å"The Idea of Order at Key West† finds Stevens striking a Shakespearean pose, rolling out grand lines of pentameter in an exploration of poetry itself, which Stevens calls: â€Å"Words of the fragrant portals, dimly-starred, / And of ourselves and of our origins, / In ghostlier demarcations, keener sounds.† â€Å"Of Mere Being† is the final poem Stevens wrote. It offers the elusive image of â€Å"the palm at the end of the mind,† in which sits a â€Å"gold-feathered bird.† The poem, an homage to the impossibility of understanding, is both elegiac and light-hearted, and the final line leaps off the page with its sonorousness and humor: â€Å"The bird’s fire-fangled feathers dangle down.† - Zack Check out our past reads and other reading recommendations, and follow our Instagram for real-time book club updates. For our next installment, we will be following the theme of â€Å"Noir.† Have a theme suggestion for our next round? We’d love to hear from you! Send us an email at sburton@ with the subject line â€Å"Book Club Recommendation†.

Maths Coursework

Maths Coursework Maths Coursework Maths coursework writing is hated by all students. Of course, it is a hasty generalization to say that absolutely all students hate Maths coursework writing because there are some maths geniuses who love calculations. I am not one of them. However, throughout years of my education I had to write several Math coursework. Was it easy? No, it was not. It was not enough to write something down (I was good at writing) because writing had to be based on specific maths calculations (I was bad at calculations). Thus, I had a dilemma what to do. I will not share the secret of my solution at this point. The following three paragraphs are the short sample maths coursework written about the theory of gravitation. As you noticed, there are no calculations involved. A rare case for a math coursework! By the way, site has a free blog with thousands of free essays and papers on any topic! Maths Coursework Sample The introduction of the law of gravitation resolved all these difficulties and incorporated the theory of heavenly motions into the very same physical theory which treated terrestrial motions. As a result, the heliocentric theory acquired incontestable strength. It was now proved beyond any doubt that the other planets were not different from the planet earth and that the substance of the other planets could be identified with the rock and clay beneath man's feet, for this is the very essence of the law of gravitation. Earthly and heavenly motions were bound together in one theory, and one could no longer doubt the heliocentric view without doubting the entire structure. Hence the importance which Copernicus and Kepler ascribed to the mathematical element in the theory was vindicated. However, the most surprising development of the theory of gravitation and one which established a new and unanticipated role for mathematics took place after Newton had deduced a number of conclusions about our solar system. Galileo and Newton had set about finding quantitative laws that related matter, space, time, forces, and other physical properties, but had wisely decided not to look into causal relationships; that is, they had deliberately avoided such questions as why bodies fall to earth or why planets move around the sun. In other words, they had concentrated on description. Nevertheless, they did utilize the force of gravitation, a concept which had been vaguely suggested even before Galileo's timefor example, by Copernicus and Kepler. Since the force of gravitation now assumed central importance, it was natural to ask, What is the mechanism that enables the earth to attract objects and the sun to attract planets? The heightened emphasis on this universal force could not bu t push such questions to the fore. The properties ascribed to the force of gravitation were indeed remarkable. It acted over distances of inches and millions of miles. It acted instantaneously and through empty space. Nor could the action of the force be suspended or blocked. Even when the moon was between the earth and the sun, the sun continued to attract the earth. Kepler had considered this question of how the sun could exert its attractive force over so many millions of miles. Impressed by the phenomenon of magnetism which William Gilbert had made popular through a series of famous experiments, he tried to explain gravitational attraction as the action of a magnetic force. He thought that planets were huge magnets attracted by a magnetic force in the sun. But he failed to supply a quantitative expression for this force and to show that it accounted exactly for the paths of the planets If you need experienced coursework writing help just follow this link: Custom Writing Service Now it is time to share the secret of successful Maths coursework writing - ask for individual help! If you are good at writing - ask for help with calculations! If you are good at calculations - ask for help with writing!Maths coursework completion has never been easier! Our team of writers is working 24/7 to help you with your painful assignments. We are not afraid of urgent deadlines as well! Read also: Essay Company Editorial Essay High Persuasive School Edit Essay Good Make Paper Write My Essay for Me Need a Professional Essay

The Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism Essay

The Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism - Essay Example Ethical values must be incorporated to information technology to make the photos more realistic. Identification of ethical issues of Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism. Kenny Irby stated that photo journalism is the craft of employing photographic storytelling to document life (Quinn 2005). Jeremy Iggers states â€Å"Journalism's conversation about ethics has not changed all that much since the 1920s, but in the past decade, journalism itself has changed dramatically. The Cultural Revolution currently underway in America's newsrooms is making journalism's ethical conversation increasingly irrelevant (p. 75)†. A visiting French journalist toured the United States in the 1980s and commented that the wide variance between ethics talk and the practice of journalism led him to suspect that "ethics was implemented partly as a remedial procedure, partly as a public relations act, and partly as a way of escape goating the journalists, transferring onto the journalists’ all the blame for the media's negative actions. Generally, during the current century, the formal requirements for a meaningful discussion about the delicate topic of ethics hav e been set into motion. In theory, the journalists were professionals with a high degree of self- autonomy, and the newspaper had been formally pledged implement a job of public service. What may be ethically influential about the most recent changes in the print industry is that these entities of autonomy and accountability are systematically being disbanded. The changes incorporate the introduction of new technology that lessens the level of skill needed of the company press workers. Nicholas Burbules (2000) theorized â€Å"From recent popular films such as ‘The Net’ or ‘Enemy of the State,’ to countless news features in the media, there is a growing sense of awareness of the vast implications of digital technologies for traditional assumptions about privacy. The volume of information that is instantly recorded whenever one uses a credit card, travels the Internet, visits a hospital or pharmacy, files a tax return, rents a film on video tape, and so onâ €”information that can be accessed by authorized and unauthorized persons alike—has changed the speed and ease with which much of one's personal life and activities (including the circumstances of one's very body) can be recorded and observed by others (p. 121)†. The photo journalist has the ethical responsibility to deliver the facts, not the lies. Philip Seib (Seib, 1994) observes â€Å"Political journalism matters. That's not just a reporter's ego speaking. It's a hard fact about how the political system works. Politicians' words and deeds earn few votes unless the public knows about them. Issues may seem obscure and unimportant unless news stories explain their significance. And, from another perspective, candidates can learn much about the electorate by monitoring what news organizations report, especially local media (p. 1)†. Normally, during the election season, many candidates are bound to depend on news coverage to win the discriminating residentsâ⠂¬â„¢ votes. More than 100 million Americans visit the polls during the seasonal presidential election. In addition, many bus tours and whistle-stop train trips have their quaint appeal, and, as was the case for Bill Clinton in 1992, this kind of campaigning can enter into a mutually beneficial bond with voters and set the tone for a new government candidate. However, in-person campaigning will not get a candidate in touch with the massive number of voters the political figure wants in order win the elusive senate,

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical thinking - Essay Example This is because, all the three planets originated from tiny grains of dust, forming rocky pebbles. The fact that they developed from similar particles may point to the similarity of their mineral components, though their climate and atmosphere significantly defers. While beach sand, diamond, gold nuggets, water, fishbone, and emerald are minerals, wood and vitamin pills are not a mineral. The former are minerals because they are naturally formed chemical substances that have assumed atomic features. Wood is not a chemical substance but a composition of hard tissues, while vitamin pills not naturally formed. The approximated age of the rocks found in Delaware is 1.2 billion years (Thompson, 2008). This information is obtained through radioactive dating of rocks, as done by the Delaware Geological Survey. Paleocene, approximated to be 65.5 to 56 million years ago, had a cooler and remarkably dry climate. It is during this period that the continents continued their movement to their present positions. There were warm seas that surrounded the world and the modern plant species emerged. Animals started growing bigger during this period and they started occupying diverse niches. Dinosaurs got extinct, and mammals, birds, and reptiles flourished, whi le grass started to grow. Examples of rocks found during this period are the Mesozoic sedimentary

Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Individual Project - Essay Example The Five Cultural Dimensions Model is the brainchild of Geert Hofstede, a Dutch academic. This model shows five dimensions which define work-related values that are also related to national culture. These five dimensions (Hofstede, 2001) are discussed below. This dimension deals with the degree to which power is equally distributed in a society and the extent to which the said society accepts the distribution. A culture that is high power distance oriented has a preference for strong leadership styles, hierarchical bureaucracies. People in this kind of culture hold very high regard for authority. On the other hand, people in low power distance cultures favour autonomy and personal responsibility. This dimension addresses the extent to which people require clear structures and set boundaries. In high uncertainty cultures, individuals have a better mechanism for coping with risk and innovation. A low uncertainty culture puts a lot of emphasis on greater job security and standardisation. This is the measure to which people hold their own self-interest as opposed to the interests of a group. In a collective oriented culture, the group’s needs are deemed to be more important than personal needs and the government plays a big role in markets. On the other hand, an individualistic culture values and encourages free will. This dimension is concerned with the degree of the goal orientation of a society. A masculine society values status that is derived from position and wages while a feminine culture values quality of life and human relationships. This dimension looks at the extent to which a society values respect for tradition and long term commitments. Long term-oriented cultures greatly value thrift, long term planning and industriousness. Short-term oriented cultures are more concerned with living for the moment and

Project Management Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management Systems - Research Paper Example A project manager is a person who is responsible for carrying out all the tasks and operations that are included in project management. In simple words, both the success and failure of a project centralizes on the project manager’s shoulders (Haughey, 2009; Grembergen, 2002, p. 89; Hallows, 1998, p. 4). This paper presents a detailed analysis of roles and responsibilities that a project manager carries out. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of project manager’s performance on a project. This paper will also outline some examples of bad project management. Project management is a systematic way to scheduling and managing project activities and resources from beginning to end. Additionally, these project activities are divided into five phases, first phase is the initiation, the second is planning, the third phase is executing, fourth is controlling, and last phase is the completion or termination of the project. In addition, these phases of project management can be used in approximately any kind of project, since their purpose is to organize the different processes of project development. The fundamental reason for starting a project is to achieve particular objectives. In other words, the purpose of managing the processes as a project is to put attention on the jobs and control for the accomplishment of the objectives on small group or an individual. Additionally, a project is normally a temporary endeavor encompassing a lot of interconnected operations or processes, assigned a considerable cost, and continuing for a few weeks or, m onths, or years. However, the management of a project is a complex and challenging task and the roles of project managers vary with the project requirements (TechTarget, 2008; Meredith & Mantel, 2006, p. 13; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005, p. 309). The

Holocaust and Jewish-Christian Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Holocaust and Jewish-Christian Relations - Essay Example The continued anti-Semitic feelings of the Church stem from Christian teachings based on interpretations of the New Testament that have also contributed to the Holocaust and the persecution of Jews in Europe over the centuries. In 1814, Jews in the Papal States were locked into cramped ghettos at night, were forbidden to practice law or medicine, to hold public office or to hire Christian servants. Meanwhile elsewhere in Europe, Jews were increasingly free to live as they wanted. These practices were the inspiration for the racial laws enacted by the Nazis and the Italian Fascists in the 1930's. After the fall of the Papal States in 1870, the Church's hostility towards the Jews began to take an even more disturbing form. No longer simply loathed as unbelievers, the Jews became hated symbols of secular modernity. With varying degrees of enthusiasm the German Catholic Church sympathized with, if not actually supported the Nazis. Their views on communism, socialism, liberalism and freemasonry were similar to those of the Nazis. Though these Church leaders were concerned with some aspects of the National Socialist regime, they did virtually nothing to stem the growing tide of anti-Semitism. Some of them even agreed with the Nazi ideals to "endeavor to maintain the purity of the German blood and German race" and to fight the Jews' "hegemony in finance, the destructive influence of the Jews in religion, morality, literature and art, and political and social life." (The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, pg 23). Hitler was inaugurated as Chancellor of Germany on January 30 1933 with 52% of the votes. To make constitutional changes, the National Socialists needed two thirds of the votes. Therefore Hitler felt compelled to appease the Catholics and made a series of promises and concessions to German Catholicism. On March 23 he released a statement assuring the Christian churches of his resolve to work for peaceful relations between the church and the state. After Hitler gained power the German Catholic leaders adjusted to the Nazi regime and most church leaders enthusiastically supported the domestic and foreign policies of the Fhrer during most of the Nationalist Socialist era. Some thought that the anti-Jewish laws were in fact beneficial as they eliminated Jewish influences considered harmful to Christian society. On the 20th of July 1933 the Concordat between the Vatican and the Third Reich was signed. It was a major step towards legitimizing the Hitler regime and sealed the subordination of German Catholics to the Nazi program. Therefore on June 1 all German Catholic bishops issued a letter withdrawing earlier prohibitions against membership of the Nazi party and encouraged the faithful to be loyal and obedient to the new program. They looked upon the National Socialist regime as another anti-communist authoritarian system, not recognizing Hitler's totalitarian ambitions. On March 24, Hitler acquired the support of the Catholic Cen tre Party for passage of the Enabling Act, under which Hitler could enact ordinary legislation by decree. This right was extended a year after

United Arab Emirates Law and How It Bacame United Essay

United Arab Emirates Law and How It Bacame United - Essay Example in the history of this strategic region, which later on flourished through the rearing of camels at the latter stages of the second millennium BC (Adias-uae.com). Additionally, at the beginning of the 1st century AD, overland caravan traffic begun between Syria and Southern Iraq cities. Furthermore, the existence of water prone transport to the important port of Omana, which is presently referred to as Umm al-Qaiwain, which later on ended up to India, came up. These routes played integral roles to the region since they were alternative transport zones to the Red Sea, which was mostly used by the Romans (UAE Interact). During the mid 19th Century, the United Arab Emirates economy was varied as a result of different population living in different areas and possessed different resources. Several industries came up in the UAE, including pearl fishing, dates, trade, fishing, handicraft and grazing. At this particular instance, the Bedouins and the fishermen enjoyed a simplistic type of li fe. The preceding years saw an important evolution in Abu Dhabi and Dubai due to pearl fishing and trade (Noack, 2007). The discovery of oil in Abu Dhabi in 1962 saw major transformation in the UAE. The oil boosted the economy of the UAE which ultimately made the Trucial States to gain political and national power, thus imposing adverse pressure on Britain, forcing it to withdraw from the region by 1968. This significant freedom made the rulers of the Emirates to hold a round table meeting and agree to form a union known as the United Arab Emirates in July 1971. The United Arab Emirates was formally established in on 2nd December 1971. Initially, the union was composed of six emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman Umm al-Quwain and Fujairah. Amazingly, Ras al-Khaimah joined the union... United Arab Emirates Law and How It Bacame United Though each emirate is governed by a hereditary emir, the seven emirates are governed by a single national president. The seven emirates are; Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah. Abu Dhabi serves as the capital as well as being the state’s center of political, industrial and cultural activities. In 1971, prior to independence, the United Arab Emirates was referred to as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman. This was in reference to the truce entered between the local sheikhs, hereditary rulers and the United Kingdom in the 19th century. This paper is going to highlight the United Arab Emirates Law and how the seven principle emirates became united and formed a union called United Arab Emirates. United Arab Emirates History and Formation Sascha Noack asserts that archaeological evidence has some reasonable proof that there were settlements from as early as 4000BC. However, a population of high culture developed around 2500BC. Historical in dications suggest that the population has a major composition of Bedouins and fishermen. Prior to 1820 before the conclusion of a contract between the Great Britain and the Sheikhdoms of Abu Dhabi, Sharja, Dubai, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah, the area was commonly referred to as Pirate Coast. while the UAE has a federal system of government, each emirate has its own ruler, has some degree of autonomy and can make its own laws, so long as they comply with the federal law.

Holocaust and Jewish-Christian Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Holocaust and Jewish-Christian Relations - Essay Example The continued anti-Semitic feelings of the Church stem from Christian teachings based on interpretations of the New Testament that have also contributed to the Holocaust and the persecution of Jews in Europe over the centuries. In 1814, Jews in the Papal States were locked into cramped ghettos at night, were forbidden to practice law or medicine, to hold public office or to hire Christian servants. Meanwhile elsewhere in Europe, Jews were increasingly free to live as they wanted. These practices were the inspiration for the racial laws enacted by the Nazis and the Italian Fascists in the 1930's. After the fall of the Papal States in 1870, the Church's hostility towards the Jews began to take an even more disturbing form. No longer simply loathed as unbelievers, the Jews became hated symbols of secular modernity. With varying degrees of enthusiasm the German Catholic Church sympathized with, if not actually supported the Nazis. Their views on communism, socialism, liberalism and freemasonry were similar to those of the Nazis. Though these Church leaders were concerned with some aspects of the National Socialist regime, they did virtually nothing to stem the growing tide of anti-Semitism. Some of them even agreed with the Nazi ideals to "endeavor to maintain the purity of the German blood and German race" and to fight the Jews' "hegemony in finance, the destructive influence of the Jews in religion, morality, literature and art, and political and social life." (The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, pg 23). Hitler was inaugurated as Chancellor of Germany on January 30 1933 with 52% of the votes. To make constitutional changes, the National Socialists needed two thirds of the votes. Therefore Hitler felt compelled to appease the Catholics and made a series of promises and concessions to German Catholicism. On March 23 he released a statement assuring the Christian churches of his resolve to work for peaceful relations between the church and the state. After Hitler gained power the German Catholic leaders adjusted to the Nazi regime and most church leaders enthusiastically supported the domestic and foreign policies of the Fhrer during most of the Nationalist Socialist era. Some thought that the anti-Jewish laws were in fact beneficial as they eliminated Jewish influences considered harmful to Christian society. On the 20th of July 1933 the Concordat between the Vatican and the Third Reich was signed. It was a major step towards legitimizing the Hitler regime and sealed the subordination of German Catholics to the Nazi program. Therefore on June 1 all German Catholic bishops issued a letter withdrawing earlier prohibitions against membership of the Nazi party and encouraged the faithful to be loyal and obedient to the new program. They looked upon the National Socialist regime as another anti-communist authoritarian system, not recognizing Hitler's totalitarian ambitions. On March 24, Hitler acquired the support of the Catholic Cen tre Party for passage of the Enabling Act, under which Hitler could enact ordinary legislation by decree. This right was extended a year after

Leadership in organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership in organizations - Term Paper Example Therefore, in asking this question, the expected answer that would demonstrate leadership in general, and the ability to lead Microsoft in particular would therefore comprise of the following fundamental leadership principles: Strong value system Leadership is defined in different parameters. Nevertheless, the common denominator for effective and successful leadership is that the leader at least believes in something, and consistently seeks self-improvement through strengthening the visionary attributes. Therefore, possessing a strong value system is a vital aspect of effective and successful leadership, considering that it makes the leader consistent in pursuing the goals of the organization, without being deterred by any challenges (Manfred and De Vries, 7). Take for example, Bill Gates has ranked on top of the richest people in the world, yet with all that money, he still woke up every day and headed to his place of work, until his retirement. Such characteristics can only be demo nstrated by a leader who really believes in something, and that belief gives him the drive to pursue the vision and the objectives of the organization every single day, even when money, fame and power is no longer the motivating factors, having already achieved them. Thus, the fundamental and the most important answer that would be expected of a candidate for the post of the Microsoft CEO, should comprise a statement indicating that the candidate is visionary, and has a strong value system, making it possible for the candidate to consistently pursue the vision of the organization. However, being visionary alone is not adequate to make an individual effective and successful leader, whenever it is devoid of the ability to construct the vision and the belief system into a solid and tangible construction that can be perceived by all the organizational stakeholders (Manfred and De Vries, 8). The vision of Microsoft over the past decades has been to transform and change the world. While t his can simply be categorized as a general, inarticulate and overambitious vision, it simply defines the great belief that Bill Gates and the organization had, to reach every part of the world and supply their products, to form a platform that would transform the whole world. Today, there is no denial that Microsoft has transformed the world, through making the dream of having a computer in every household in the world become virtually true, since even for those who do not have desktop computers, they have other gadgets that are utilizing the Microsoft developed software to run. Demonstrate a sense of humility, tolerance, tact and charisma In answering what defines the candidate’s leadership style, a sense of humility is among the most sought characteristic that the candidate should be able to demonstrate, among the fundamental principles that constitutes effective and successful leadership (Manfred and De Vries, 12). Good and effective leadership is characterized by humility , where the leader is not simply leading the organization through issuing orders and placing a firm hand on his employees, but where the leader becomes the example in accomplishing the objectives and visions of the organizat

Experience of Novice Nurses with NIV in General Wards

Experience of Novice Nurses with NIV in General Wards Experience of novice nurses caring patients with non-invasive ventilation in general wards. Non invasive ventilation (NIV) is used to provide respiratory pressure support to upper airway by using external masks without the insertion of endotracheal tube. It is mostly used for the early management of acute respiratory failure (ARF) (Rose and Gerdtz, 2009) and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) ( Penuelas, Frutos-Vivar Esteban, 2007). NIV is considering less intensive than mechanical ventilation, therefore some clinicians manage these patients outside the intensive care unit (ICU), particularly in hospitals where ICU beds are unavailable (Farha et al., 2006, Hill, 2009). One audit report revealed that inappropriate use of NIV outside the ICU is associated with higher mortality (Sumner and Yadegafar, 2011). Its increasingly usage outside the ICU, lead less experienced nurses to care for these patients’ results in quality care compromised. Previous studies have identified the following factors that contribute towards treatment failure with NIV is lack of know ledge and experience about the regulation of NIV (Kallet, 2009, Lopez et al., 2006, Lopez-Campos et al., 2006, Elliott et al., 2011), inappropriate guideline (Sinuff et al., 2007), patient-ventilator asynchrony, poor judgment about the appropriate mask selection, patient intolerance (Hess, 2011) and delay in patient care at ward level (Elliott et al., 2011). Safe delivery of NIV can be assured when the patient received care from experienced, educated and well trained staff (Rose and Gerdtz, 2009). Previous studies had explored the experiences of experienced nurses worked in ICU and identified that experienced nurses are using their practical knowledge to select the appropriate mask to patient face. They are using their communication skills to gain control on patient breathing and using their clinical experiences to solve the problems and avoiding delays in adjusting the ventilation (Sà ¸rensen et al., 2013) and providing reassurance to immobilized patients and protect them from errors (Acebedo-Urdiales et al., 2014). There is another study that covers the perspectives of general ward nurses about the NIV, is not generalizable study because it was conducted only in one hospital. However, data revealed that 67% nurses didn’t get involved in the decision making process and were inadequately informed. Even they did not received adequ ate consultation from physicians and medical emergency team and mostly, all nurses in medical wards state that training was inadequate about the NIV (Cabrini et al., 2009). Most of the studies have viewed the experiences of competent nurses in ICU or general ward; however no study has explored the experiences of novice nurses caring the patient with NIV in general ward. Therefore, the purpose of my study is to explore the experiences of novice nurses caring the patient with NIV in medical ward. The one of the reason for selecting this topic is my own area of practice and my experience of being a novice nurse in medical ward in Pakistan. I remembered that when I was assigned with NIV patient, I really felt very anxious and worried. Because, I didn’t have any idea about the BIPAP machine like how it is operated, what assessment I need to do in patient condition to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Sometime, I felt hesitate to consult with physician about the patient’s condition, because of my lack of knowledge, skills and training about the NIV. Therefore, some time I had a fear of harming to patient. My colleagues also had shared the same experiences and feeling with me. For literature search, I have used these electronic databases: CINAHL (15), PubMed (45), Embase (32) and Scopus (35). I have developed the keywords from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) from each database. I have used these keywords for literature search: work experience; job experience; experience; experiential learning; nursing knowledge; nursing role; nurse-patient relations; job satisfaction, nursing practice; critical care nursing; education, nursing; staff nurses; nurse attitudes; decision making; nurse-physician relations evaluation; new graduates nurse; staff development, nursing care; nurses; novice nurses; respiration, artificial; noninvasive ventilation; noninvasive ventilation; non-invasive ventilation. Reference lists of relevant papers were also checked to identify other potentially relevant literature and take the assistance from nursing librarian. The inclusion criteria for each database were paper published in the English and between the periods of 1 January 2005 to 3 1 March 2015. I have also used the Boolean operators to limit my search results. The reason for such limitation is to get the relevant literature about my area of interest. Total number of paper which I get from each database is 127 documents. Once, I done with literature search, I started to read the abstract of each article and select the relevant and near relevant article to my research purpose and eliminate those which I found irrelevant. Out of 127, 26 articles were selected, review critically and develop themes like factors for NIV failure, lack of knowledge and skills etc .The difficulty which I faced during literature search was I cannot be able to remove the duplicate articles from each databases. As, no study has viewed the experience of novice nurses, therefore I would like to conduct the research build on this research question that â€Å"what are the experiences of novice nurses, while caring the NIV patients in general wards?† This study will explore the experiences of novice nurses and uncover the challenges which novice nurses are facing at intrapersonal, interpersonal or organizational level while caring the patient with NIV. Moreover, this study will highlight the need for staff training. Because, through proper training of staff, it’s eliminates those factors which contributed towards NIV failure in ARF patients and provides quality patient care. In these studies, novice nurse is defined as â€Å"nurses who are new graduates or have limited experience in nursing care particularly with NIV patients† (CINAHL). The reason for selecting the general wards setting is as my area of specialty in medical ward and most of the time, general wards staffs are less experienced and untrained comparatively to ICU staff. References: ACEBEDO-URDIALES, M. S., MEDINA-NOYA, J. L. FERRE-GRAU, C. 2014. Practical knowledge of experienced nurses in critical care: a qualitative study of their narratives. BMC Med Educ, 14, 173. CABRINI, L., MONTI, G., VILLA, M., PISCHEDDA, A., MASINI, L., DEDOLA, E., WHELAN, L., MARAZZI, M. COLOMBO, S. 2009. Non-invasive ventilation outside the Intensive Care Unit for acute respiratory failure: the perspective of the general ward nurses. Minerva Anestesiol, 75, 427-33. ELLIOTT, M., CROOKES, P., WORRALL-CARTER, L. PAGE, K. 2011. Readmission to intensive care: a qualitative analysis of nurses perceptions and experiences. Heart Lung, 40, 299-309. FARHA, S., GHAMRA, Z. W., HOISINGTON, E. R., BUTLER, R. S. STOLLER, J. K. 2006. Use of Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation on the Regular Hospital Ward: Experience and Correlates of Success. Respiratory Care, 51, 1237-1243. HESS, D. R. 2011. Patient-ventilator interaction during noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care, 56, 153-65; discussion 165-7. HILL, N. S. 2009. Where should noninvasive ventilation be delivered? Respir Care, 54, 62-70. KALLET, R. H. 2009. Noninvasive ventilation in acute care: controversies and emerging concepts. Respir Care, 54, 259-63. LOPEZ-CAMPOS, J. L., GARCIA POLO, C., LEON JIMENEZ, A., ARNEDILLO, A., GONZALEZ-MOYA, E. FENANDEZ BERNI, J. J. 2006. Staff training influence on non-invasive ventilation outcome for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis, 65, 145-51. LOPEZ, A. D., SHIBUYA, K., RAO, C., MATHERS, C. D., HANSELL, A. L., HELD, L. S., SCHMID, V. BUIST, S. 2006. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current burden and future projections. Eur Respir J, 27, 397-412. PENUELAS, O., FRUTOS-VIVAR, F. ESTEBAN, A. 2007. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Canadian Medical Association Journal,177 , 1211–1218. ROSE, L. GERDTZ, M. F. 2009. Review of non-invasive ventilation in the emergency department: clinical considerations and management priorities. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18, 3216-3224. SINUFF, T., KAHNAMOUI, K., COOK, D. J. GIACOMINI, M. 2007. Practice guidelines as multipurpose tools: a qualitative study of noninvasive ventilation. Crit Care Med, 35, 776-82. SØRENSEN, D., FREDERIKSEN, K., GRØFTE, T. LOMBORG, K. 2013. Practical wisdom: A qualitative study of the care and management of non-invasive ventilation patients by experienced intensive care nurses. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 29, 174-181. SUMNER, K. YADEGAFAR, G. 2011. The utility and futility of non-invasive ventilation in non-designated areas: Can critical care outreach nurses influence practice? Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 27, 211-217.